Price v. City of N.Y.
15 Civ. 5871 (KPF) (S.D.N.Y. Jun. 25, 2018)
the violation of her First Amendment rights; she
contends that Brooks's and Obe's departure from
official policy caused the harm.
18 At the same time, the Court addresses the
official-capacity claims against Brooks,
Obe, and Pierre-Louis. -------44
43
Instead, Plaintiff appears to invoke three other
theories of municipal liability under § 1983: (i) the
existence of an unlawful practice by subordinate
officials, which was so widespread and well
settled as to constitute a custom or usage of the
municipality, caused the constitutional violation;
(ii) the failure to train amounted to deliberate
indifference to the rights of those with whom the
*43 municipality's employees interact, thereby
causing the constitutional injury; and (iii) that the
official responsible for establishing the policy,
with respect to the subject matter in question to
the specific action, caused the constitutional
violation. (FAC ¶¶ 139-49).
Plaintiff also asserts a Monell claim against the
City based upon its alleged failure to train its
employees about the interplay between social
media use and the First Amendment. The Supreme
Court has explained that "[a] municipality's
culpability for a deprivation of rights is at its most
tenuous where a claim turns on a failure to train."
Connick, 563 U.S. at 61. "Where municipal
liability is based on ... inaction, rigorous standards
of culpability and causation must be applied to
ensure against vicarious liability." Matusick v.
Erie Cty. Water Auth., 757 F.3d 31, 73 (2d Cir.
2014) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting
Bd. of Cty. Comm'rs of Bryan Cty., 520 U.S. at
405).
Concerning the first theory, "Monell's policy or
custom requirement is satisfied where a local
government is faced with a pattern of misconduct
and does nothing, compelling the conclusion that
the local government has acquiesced in or tacitly
authorized its subordinates' unlawful actions."
Reynolds v. Giuliani, 506 F.3d 183, 192 (2d Cir.
2007). Plaintiff does not allege that any person
besides herself was blocked by the City's social
media moderators. She instead alleges that an
informal but widespread custom must have existed
because she was blocked on three occasions by
three separate City employees. (FAC ¶ 139).
But Plaintiff's allegations of three similar
constitutional violations do not allow the Court
plausibly to infer the existence of a widespread
custom or practice that can be attributed to the
City. See Jones, 691 F.3d at 85 (holding that three
incidents "fell far short of showing a policy,
custom, or usage of officers"); Giaccio v. City of
New York, 308 F. App'x 470, 472 (2d Cir. 2009)
(summary order) (stating that four similar
constitutional violations "falls far short of
establishing a practice that is 'so persistent or
widespread' as to justify the imposition of
municipal liability"); White v. City of New York,
No. 15 Civ. 6696 (GHW), 2016 WL 4750180, at
*12 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 12, 2016) (holding that six
incidents over five years were insufficient to
plausibly allege the existence of *44 a municipal
policy); Davis v. City of New York, 228 F. Supp.
2d 327, 346 (S.D.N.Y. 2002) ("[T]wo incidents of
unconstitutional conduct by low-level employees
in a city agency with over 35,000 employees can
never provide a reasonable basis for finding a
widespread or well-settled custom."). The Court
therefore concludes that Plaintiff fails to allege
plausibly that a widespread municipal custom
exists.
45
In order for municipal liability to attach on a
failure-to-train theory, "a municipality's failure to
train its employees in a relevant respect must
amount to 'deliberate indifference to the rights of
persons with whom the [untrained employees]
come into contact.'" Connick, 563 U.S. at 61
(citing City of Canton, 489 U.S. at 388). "A
pattern of similar constitutional violations by
untrained employees is ordinarily necessary to
demonstrate deliberate indifference for purposes
of failure to train." Id. at 62 (internal quotation
marks and citation omitted). To allege deliberate
indifference in the context of a failure-to-train *45
21
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