Incompleted commission of a crime is an intentional commission of a crime which cannot be carried out to the end due to causes beyond the control of the offender. Persons who commit incompleted crimes shall bear penal liability therefor. Article 19.- Voluntary termination of unfinished crimes To voluntarily terminate the commission of a crime is to refuse at one•s own will to carry out a crime to the end though nothing stands in the way. A person who voluntarily terminates the commission of a crime shall be exempt from penal liability for the attempted crime; if the act actually committed fully consists of elements of another crime, such person shall bear penal liability for such crime. Article 20.- Complicity 1. Complicity is where two or more persons intentionally commit a crime. 2. The organizers, executors, instigators and helpers are all accomplices. The executors are those who actually carry out the crimes. The organizers are those who mastermind, lead and direct the execution of crimes. The instigators are those who incite, induce and encourage other persons to commit crimes. The helpers are those who create spiritual or material conditions for the commission of crimes. 3. The organized commission of a crime is a form of complicity with close collusion among persons who jointly commit the crime. Article 21.- Concealment of crimes Any person who, though having not earlier promised anything, knows a crime has been committed and conceals the offender, traces and/or exhibits of the crime or commits the act of obstructing the detection, investigation and/or handling of the offender, shall bear penal liability for the concealment of crime as provided for by this Code. Article 22.- Non-denunciation of crimes 1. Any person who knows a crime is being prepared, carried out or has been completed but fails to denounce it shall bear penal liability for having failed to denounce it as provided for in Article 313 of this Code.