5 at *3-4 (N.D. Cal. July 22, 2013); AF Holdings, LLC vy. Doe(s), No. 12-1445, 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 187458, at *1012 (D. Minn. Nov. 6, 2013), vacated by AF Holdings, LLC v. Doe, No. 12-1445, 2014 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 43318 (D. Minn. Mar. 27, 2014); see also Lightspeed Media Corp. v. Smith, No. 12-889, 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 168615, at *16 (S.D. IIL. Nov. 27, 2013) (“The[ principals of Prenda] have shown a relentless willingness to lie to the Court on paper and in person, despite being on notice that they were facing sanctions in this Court, being sanctioned by other courts, and being referred to state and federal bars, the United States Attorney in at least two districts, one state Attorney General, and the Internal Revenue Service.” (internal citations omitted)). Moving for leave to take immediate discovery, AF Holdings then sought to serve subpoenas on the five Internet service providers linked to the 1,058 IP addresses it had identified: Cox Communications, Verizon, Comcast, AT&T, and Bright House Networks. The district court granted the motion, authorizing the issuance of subpoenas compelling these providers to turn over the names, addresses, telephone numbers, and email addresses of the underlying subscribers. The providers refused to comply. Invoking Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 45(d)(3)(A), which provides that a district court “must quash or modify a subpoena that. . . subjects a person to undue burden,” they asserted that the administrative expense involved was necessarily an “undue burden” because AF Holdings had failed to establish that the court would have personal jurisdiction over the defendants or that venue would lie in this district. Supporting these contentions, Verizon asserted that its preliminary investigation revealed that only 20 of the 188 Verizon subscribers whose information AF Holdings sought resided in the District of Columbia. Comcast