WIEDER AND GUARNIERI v. THE UNITED KINGDOM JUDGMENT 30. In addition, a new section 67A was inserted into RIPA with effect from 31 December 2018 to provide a right of appeal from the IPT to the Court of Appeal of England and Wales, or the Court of Session in Scotland. III. “A QUESTION OF TRUST”: REPORT OF THE INVESTIGATORY POWERS REVIEW BY THE INDEPENDENT REVIEWER OF TERRORISM LEGISLATION (“THE ANDERSON REPORT”) 31. The Independent Reviewer of Terrorism Legislation is a person wholly independent of Government, appointed by the Home Secretary and by the Treasury for a renewable three-year term. He is tasked with reporting to the Home Secretary and to Parliament on the operation of counter‑terrorism law in the United Kingdom. These reports are laid before Parliament to inform the public and political debate. The purpose of the Anderson Report, which was both laid before Parliament and published on 11 June 2015, and which was named after David Anderson K.C., the then Independent Reviewer of Terrorism Legislation, was to inform the public and political debate on the threats to the United Kingdom, the capabilities required to combat those threats, the safeguards in place to protect privacy, the challenges of changing technology, issues relating to transparency and oversight, and the case for new or amended legislation (see Big Brother Watch and Others, cited above, §§ 150-55). 32. Under the heading “The Global Nature of the Internet”, the Anderson Report stated the following: “The trends outlined above [towards an increasing variety of communication methods, an increasing number of devices and an increasing pace of adoption of new technologies] have resulted in a vast increase in data volumes. One exabyte of data is 500 billion pages of text: by 2015, 76 exabytes of data will travel across the internet every year. However, the infrastructure of the internet means data are not territorially bound. A network is a group of devices which are linked and so able to communicate with one another. The internet is often described as a ‘network of networks’, all of which are interconnected. Communications over the internet take place through the adoption of protocols which are standardised worldwide. A single communication is divided into packets (units of data), which are transmitted separately across multiple networks. They may be routed via different countries as the path of travel followed will be a mix of the quickest or cheapest paths; not necessarily the shortest path. The quickest path will depend upon bandwidth capacity and latency (the amount of data which can be sent through an internet connection and the delay). The result of this method of transmission is increased data flows across borders. For example, an email sent between two persons in the UK may be routed via another country if that is the optimum path for the CSPs [Communications Service Providers] involved. The route taken will also depend on the location of servers. The servers of major email services like Gmail, Yahoo and Hotmail are based outside the UK. It is estimated that somewhere between 10% and 25% of the world’s international telephone and internet traffic transits the UK via underwater fibre optic cables and much of the remaining traffic transits cabling in the US. Whilst the cables are not a recent 8