REASONS FOR JUDGMENT NICHOLAS J: BACKGROUND 1 Before me is an application under s 115A of the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth) (“the Act”) seeking orders that the respondents, each of which is a carriage service provider, take reasonable steps to disable access to various online locations. 2 The first applicant (“TVB”) is a free to air television broadcaster based in Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China (“Hong King China”). TVB is the holder of a Domestic Free Television Programme Service Licence that was most recently renewed on 12 May 2015. TVB is also a substantial producer of television content including pre-recorded television programs. The second applicant (“TVBO”) is a company related to TVB apparently based in Bermuda. 3 There are 49 respondents in all each of which is a member of the Telstra, Optus, Vocus (formerly M2) or TGP groups. The respondents have not sought to be heard in the proceeding and submitting appearances have been filed on their behalf. The orders sought by the applicants are to the same effect as those made in Roadshow Films Pty Ltd v Telstra Corporation Ltd (2016) 248 FCR 178 (“Roadshow”), Universal Music Australia Pty Limited v TPG Internet Pty Ltd (2017) 348 ALR 493 (“Universal”) and Roadshow Films Pty Ltd v Telstra Corp Ltd (2018) 132 IPR 1 (“Roadshow 2”) except that they target different online locations. 4 TVB operates five television channels in Hong Kong known as Jade, J2, TVB News, Pearl, and TVB Finance and Information: Jade Cantonese language channel which primarily broadcasts entertainment programs. TVB News Cantonese language 24 hour free to air news and information channel Pearl English-language channel showing predominantly documentaries, news, TV series and films TVB Finance and Information Cantonese language 24 hour free to air financial news and information channel. Its content primarily concerns information relating to finance, and includes documentaries on related topics J2 Primarily Cantonese language which occasionally it carries programs in other languages such as Mandarin,