Justice K.S.Puttaswamy(Retd) vs Union Of India on 26 September, 2018
independence (the absence of coercion, manipulation and severe want), and choice (the actual
existence of alternatives). Autonomy, thus, is the ability to make personal decisions and choices in
life based on ones conception of the good, without undue external influences. As for its legal
implications, autonomy underlies a set of fundamental rights associated with democratic
constitutionalism, including basic freedoms (private autonomy) and the right of political
participation (public autonomy).
It would be pertinent to emphasise here that with the rise of the welfare state, many countries in the
world (and that includes India) also consider a fundamental right to minimum living conditions (the
existential minimum) in the balancing that results into effective autonomy. Thus, there are three
facets of autonomy, namely: private autonomy, public autonomy and the existential minimum.
Insofar as the last component is concerned, it is also referred to as social minimum or the basic right
to the provision of adequate living conditions has its roots in right to equality as well. In fact,
equality, in a substantive sense, and especially autonomy (both private and public), are dependent
on the fact that individuals are free from want, meaning that their essential needs are satisfied. To
be free, equal, and capable of exercising responsible citizenship, individuals must pass minimum
thresholds of well-being, without which autonomy is a mere fiction. This requires access to some
essential utilities, such as basic education and health care services, as well as some elementary
necessities, such as food, water, clothing, and shelter. The existential minimum, therefore, is the
core content of social and economic rights. This concept of minimum social right is protected by the
Court, time and again.
(III) Community Value:
This element of human dignity as community value relates to the social dimension of dignity. The
contours of human dignity are shaped by the relationship of the individual with others, as well as
with the world around him. English poet John Donne expresses the same sentiments when he says
no man is an island, entire of itself 49. The individual, thus, lives within himself, within a
community, and within a state. His personal autonomy is constrained by the values, rights, and
morals of people who are just as free and equal as him, as well as by coercive regulation. Robert Post
identified three distinct forms of social order: community (a shared world of common faith and
fate), management (the instrumental organization of social life through law to achieve specific
objectives), and democracy (an arrangement that embodies the purpose of individual and collective
self-determination. These three forms of social order presuppose and depend on each other, but are
also in constant tension.
49 See John Donne, XVII. Mediation, in Devotions upon Emergent Occasions 107, 108-09 (Uyniv.
Of Mich. Press 1959) (1624) Dignity as a community value, therefore, emphasises the role of the
state and community in establishing collective goals and restrictions on individual freedoms and
rights on behalf of a certain idea of the good life. The relevant question here is in what
circumstances and to what degree should these actions be regarded as legitimate in a constitutional
democracy? The liberal predicament that the state must be neutral with regard to different
conceptions of the good in a plural society is not incompatible, of course, with limitation resulting
from the necessary coexistence of different views and potentially conflicting rights. Such
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