Analysis at scale, and Knowledge engineering will progressively become the value differentiators in business. New Architectures: We can expect a disaggregation and a de-colocation of functionality in every device and service. Maybe screens will not have to be in the same place as the computer, maybe all storage will be cloud based and local storage no longer necessary. Near Intelligence: With the rapid improvement in big data machine learning, in the very near term we can expect to see better than human performance of from networked machines on many tasks. Changing Ownership Models: Extreme sharing (compared to now) will become the norm, people will pay less for and own less of each device and have more connected devices in every part of their lives. Informatisation: All aspects of our lives will be digital or digitally mediated, from payments, asset use and rental, work, manufacturing, agricultural, health and mining will all be digitally controlled. We anticipate several challenges to emerge from these developments: Carrying Capacity: As network carrying capacity demands increase, we will constantly have to update our core network. Thankfully physics does not evolve, and we will not in the short term have to put new cables in the ground, just change the routing/switching devices. Interoperability: We need to develop national policies on data sharing and interoperability to ensure that all systems in Kenya can work synergistically to yield the operational and administrative benefits from a coherent national instrumentation. Balkanisation of Systems: Companies will try to lock their customers in my defining proprietary protocols and data formats to try increase the barriers to entry for the competition. These data silos are inimical to our national progress and are strongly discouraged. Data Superpowers: Current and future data sinks will become significant holders of identity, transactional and profile data of the Kenyan citizenry, and will have inordinate power over the analysis, partitioning, understanding, discrimination and fine grained manipulation of public perception. Policy subsidiary to this will create rules and Ministry of ICT, Kenya guidelines for equitable sharing and access to profile data by all legitimate and licensed players with the need, and establish principles for the use, disclosure and storage of personally identifiable data. Out-dated Laws: As new models of interaction, concepts of operation and norms of conduct emerge our laws, regulations and statutes need to keep track with and fairly arbitrate the rights, obligations and expectations of our citizens. Our laws should not stand in the way of progress, nor should they use outmoded principles that have been superseded by globalised norms. Significant new principles will have to be established around ownership and use of sharing economy devices and data. Challenges to privacy: As instrumentation increases and the data held about individuals and machines become siloed, enhanced and derived, the data superpowers know more and more about individuals. It is now established as policy, in conformance to the Constitution, that citizens have an indefeasible right to privacy and to ownership of all data about them however and wherever held and to determine how and whether that data is used, distributed, analysed, enhanced or converted to other forms. It is further established as policy that citizens of Kenya may request and will promptly receive a copy of any and all data held on them, by any and all entities public or private, identified or not, and may so dispose, use and store that data as they see fit. The Government of Kenya will retain a copy of such data, and note the demand and establish rules and regulations for the use of such deactivated data. Skills Scarcity: The new technological landscape brings with it new opportunities and challenges, which we need the skills to manage, operate and understand at scale. Precisely because the skills required are new, there is a shortage. Our training and manpower development infrastructure needs to become responsive to these needs. Incoherent Approaches: Different aspects of the new economy and technological landscape are managed, regulated and overseen by different government ministries, departments and agencies, with different approaches, understandings, focus areas and concerns. As the environment converges towards a consistent, coherent data-centric approach (informatisation), everything from finance, health, agriculture, work and speech, the approach of government to regulation, almost by definition, becomes Incoherent and inconsistent. This policy and subsequent 32/37 November-2019