deserved, validates violence and seeks to intimidate women, including women who seek to take part in public life (see Public Comment by Digital Rights Foundation, PC-11226). The message the accumulation of this content delivers is that violence is acceptable and can be used to punish transgressions of gender norms. While academic studies showing causation are limited, multiplestudies have shown a correlation between the normalization of genderbased violence and the increased occurrence of such violence. In multiple previous cases, the Board has recognized how certain content which may be discriminatory ( Depiction of Zwarte Piet, 2021-002-FB-UA) or hateful ( Knin cartoon, 2022001-FB-UA, South African Slurs, 2021-011-FB-UA) can be removed due to its cumulative effect, without the need to show that each piece of content can cause direct and imminent physical harm. The Board has also noted that the accumulation of harmful content creates an environment in which acts of discrimination and violence are more likely ( Depiction of Zwarte Piet, 2021-002-FB-UA). The UN Special Rapporteur on Violence against Women called attention to the important role social media plays in addressing gender-based violence and the need to shape ICT policies and practices with the understanding of the “broader environment of widespread and systemic structural discrimination and gender-based violence against women and girls, which frame their access to and use of the Internet and other ICT” (A/HRC/38/47, para 14). Gendered stereotypes promote violence and inadequate responses to it, which further perpetuates such discrimination. In several cases, the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women has found that when state authorities act on gendered stereotypes in their decision making, the state fails to effectively prevent or address genderbased violence (See Belousova v. Kazakhstan, R.P.B. v. Philippines; Jallow v. Bulgaria (para 8.6); and L.R. v. Republic of Moldova.). In the context of a broader environment of gender-based discrimination and violence, Meta has a responsibility not to exacerbate threats of physical harm and the suppression of women’s speech and participation in society. Content like the post in this case normalizes gender-based violence by denigrating women and trivializing, excusing, or encouraging both public aggressions and domestic abuse. The cumulative effect of content normalizing gender-based violence to encourage or defend the use of violence, and the harm to women’s rights and the perpetuation of an environment of impunity all contribute to a heightened risk of offline violence, self-censorship, and suppression of the participation of women in public life. Therefore, the Board recommends that Meta undertake a policy development process to establish a policy aimed at addressing content that normalizes gender-based violence