Abstract This policy brief evaluates the current state of freedom of expression in Sub-Saharan Africa, highlighting the delicate balance between this right and regulatory measures addressing online challenges. It analyses legal frameworks in various countries, noting significant government control, surveillance, and censorship, such as Ethiopia’s stringent laws and technological surveillance and internet shutdowns in Togo and Malawi. The policy brief also addresses emerging issues like technology-facilitated gender-based violence and disinformation and calls for comprehensive legislation to combat cyberbullying and harassment while protecting freedoms. It discusses the impact of social media, which can both aid activism and spread misinformation, citing cases from Nigeria and Uganda. The policy brief advocates for proactive measures, emphasising transparency, accountability, and collaboration to ensure digital freedom and universal internet access, promoting a more equitable and democratic society. Keywords: Freedom of expression, Online speech regulation, Technology-facilitated gender-based violence, Sub-Saharan Africa, CYRILLA Collaborative. 4