I. Methodological clarifications 7 II. Introduction 9 III. Case Law 11 A. Cases where privacy and free expression have a mutually reinforcing relationship 11 i. National security and surveillance 12 ii. Personal data in governmental databases 12 iii. Data transmission to security and intelligence agencies from providers of electronic communication services 13 14 iv. Data protection and internet platforms v. Requiring Internet Service Providers (ISPs) to store telecommunications data vi. 15 National legislations establishing mass surveillance of electronic communications 16 vii. Electronic espionage: Pegasus spyware viii. Interception of communications and access to phone records 16 ix. Surveillance of foreign telecommunications 18 x. COVID-19 Pandemic surveillance and data protection 19 xi. Surveillance and tracking by private actors 20 xii. Anonymity 21 xiii. Publication of personal data by public agencies 21 xiv. Compulsory registration in databases 22 xv. 15 Facial recognition 23 xvi. Access to the internet, privacy, and freedom of expression 24 xvii. Personal correspondence 24 xviii. Protection of journalistic sources 24