4 GENDER GAP Figure 7 shows that the gap correlation with the GNI per capita is also broadly true of the gender gap. Of all the countries surveyed, Mozambique has the lowest mobile phone adoption level and the second highest gender disparity at 36 percent after Rwanda’s 38 percent. More than half of all men (50%) have mobile phones as compared to only 32 percent of women. The disparities are more pronounced among Internet users. The gender disparity in Internet use of 50 percent (see Figure 7) is only exceeded by Rwanda at 62 percent, which is the only African country surveyed that has a gender gap in the vicinity of the gigantic gender gaps in Bangladesh, India and Pakistan. 87% 86% 81% 71% 75% Modelling of the data indicates that the primary determinants of digital exclusion are education and income. Although there are slight differences in mobile phone and Internet usage, broadly speaking, men and women of a similar education level and income group access these services similarly. As women are concentrated among the poor, lacking education and therefore unable to gain employment, they are disproportionately marginalised from the benefits of ICTs to enhance their well-being. 75% 69% 63% 64% 57% 57% 46% 12% na ica bia Afr lom h t o u C So 22% 18% 12% 32% 18% 12% 7% 13% 14% 5% 7% –1% –6% nti 21% 14% 1% e Arg 21% 32% 18% 31% 22% 34% 22% 34% 11% 50% 45% 43% 26% 23% 62% 62% 57% 50% ru Pe ay gu ra Pa G Male la ma te ua ia Ind Female a eri Nig Gap an ist k Pa Ba sh de la ng a an Gh C ia od b am a ny Ke ia zan n Ta da an Rw e iqu b zam Mo Internet usage (% of aged 15–65 population) Figure 7: Gender disparity in Internet use in Mozambique and other African countries Source: After Access survey data, 2017 Gender gap 6