Cite as: 585 U. S. ____ (2018)
7
Opinion of the Court
what was happening within the home. Ibid.
Likewise in Riley, the Court recognized the “immense
storage capacity” of modern cell phones in holding that
police officers must generally obtain a warrant before
searching the contents of a phone. 573 U. S., at ___ (slip
op., at 17). We explained that while the general rule
allowing warrantless searches incident to arrest “strikes
the appropriate balance in the context of physical objects,
neither of its rationales has much force with respect to”
the vast store of sensitive information on a cell phone. Id.,
at ___ (slip op., at 9).
B
The case before us involves the Government’s acquisition of wireless carrier cell-site records revealing the
location of Carpenter’s cell phone whenever it made or
received calls. This sort of digital data—personal location
information maintained by a third party—does not fit
neatly under existing precedents. Instead, requests for
cell-site records lie at the intersection of two lines of cases,
both of which inform our understanding of the privacy
interests at stake.
The first set of cases addresses a person’s expectation of
privacy in his physical location and movements. In United
States v. Knotts, 460 U. S. 276 (1983), we considered the
Government’s use of a “beeper” to aid in tracking a vehicle
through traffic. Police officers in that case planted a
beeper in a container of chloroform before it was purchased by one of Knotts’s co-conspirators. The officers
(with intermittent aerial assistance) then followed the
automobile carrying the container from Minneapolis to
Knotts’s cabin in Wisconsin, relying on the beeper’s signal
to help keep the vehicle in view. The Court concluded that
the “augment[ed]” visual surveillance did not constitute a
search because “[a] person traveling in an automobile on
public thoroughfares has no reasonable expectation of