standards for digital evidence admissibility across jurisdictions, emphasizing the need for standardized digital forensics practices to combat transnational cybercrime effectively. 4.2 Challenges on Admissibility of Digital Evidence Pre-search and post-seizure warrants are critical components of digital forensic investigations, presenting numerous challenges in the gathering and admissibility of digital evidence in court. If there is no warrant or judicial check mechanism in gathering and investigation of digital evidence that could lead into the investigation being arbitrary, disproportionate and beyond the necessity. The pre-search warrant, issued by the court before investigators arrive at the cybercrime scene, authorizes law enforcement and digital forensics teams to collect evidence. Conversely, the post-seizure warrant requires investigators to document all activities conducted after the seizure to ensure chain of custody. Technical challenges include issues with network security, outdated tools, and a lack of expertise among investigators. Legal challenges arise from the need for authentic, accurate, and convincing evidence, compounded by gaps in cybercrime legislation and enforcement, as well as difficulties in obtaining and executing warrants due to procedural inconsistencies and stakeholder involvement issues. In absence of adequate provisions, digital evidences become questionable regarding their integrity and authenticity. The concerned person may face violation of privacy rights. There will be uncertainty in legal outcomes, and a tendency of admission of unreliable evidences may occur. There can be technological misinterpretations leading to denial of fair opportunity to challenge any evidence against them. International cooperation difficulties may arise when crimes involve multiple jurisdictions where differing rules or absence of rules will undermine the evidentiary value of digital evidences. i. Authenticity In digital forensic investigations, it's critical to ensure that digital evidence remains unaltered and that proper procedures are followed during evidence collection to maintain its usability and admissibility in court. Digital data can exist in various states, such as at rest, active, deleted, hidden, encrypted, or overwritten, all of which may be relevant for litigation purposes and maintaining evidential integrity. In cases of uncertainty, evidence that has been partially overwritten or altered can still be utilized to ensure accurate, reliable, and verifiable findings in accordance with judicial standards. 24