force on the date of its publication in the Official Gazette.     Chapter One Definitions and General Provisions Article 1 In the implementation of this By-Law, the following terms and Words shall have the meanings assigned to them, unless the context requires otherwise:   1.      “Supreme Council” means ictQATAR, the Supreme Council of Information and Communication Technology of the State of Qatar. 2.      “Board” means the Board of the Supreme Council. 3.      “General Secretariat” means the General Secretariat of the Supreme Council. 4.      “Law” means the Telecommunications Law issued by Decree Law No. 34 of 2006. 5.      “By-Law” means the Executive By-Law of the Telecommunications Law. 6.      “Person” means any natural or juristic person. 7.          “Access” means access to any telecommunications network, telecommunications facilities or telecommunications services between service providers which makes facilities, services or both facilities and services available by one service provider to another under defined terms and conditions, on either an exclusive or non-exclusive basis, for the purpose of providing telecommunications services. It includes access to network elements and associated facilities, the connection of equipment, and in particular includes access to the local loop and to facilities and services necessary to provide services over the local loop, access to physical infrastructure including buildings, ducts and masts, access to relevant software systems including operational support systems, access to number translation or systems offering equivalent functionality, access to fixed and mobile networks for roaming, and access to conditional access systems for digital broadcasting services; but it does not include access to facilities or services by end-user customers. 8.          “Control” means the power of a Person to exercise decisive influence over, or to determine the actions of, another Person in any manner, whether directly through the ownership of shares, stocks or other securities or voting rights, or indirectly through an agreement or arrangement of any type. Many factors shall be taken into consideration in determining Control, including that any Person who owns or has at his disposal, directly or indirectly, at least ten (10) percent of the voting rights in another Person shall be deemed to be in control of such other Person. 9.          “Customer” means a subscriber, user or consumer of telecommunications services, whether an individual, corporation, governmental body or any other public or private legal entity and regardless of whether the services are acquired for the customer’s own use or for resale. 10. “License” means the permission issued by the Board or the General Secretariat to an individual or class of individuals to own or operate a telecommunications network, provide telecommunications services, or use the radio frequency spectrum but without constituting a contract or bilateral agreement. 11. “Significant Market Power”, also referred to as “SMP”, means a service provider’s economic strength in the market that permits it to act independently of customers or competitors, or to dominate one or more identified telecommunications service markets, through acting either individually or jointly with others, in accordance with the provisions of Chapter 9 of the Law and in accordance with Chapter 8 of this By-Law. 12. “Telecommunications Equipment” means equipment, including radio-communications equipment, capable of being connected directly or indirectly to a telecommunications network in order to transmit or receive telecommunications services.