e24702_SN004 Translated from French 4 Part one – Copyright Title I. – Principles Article 1. Article 2. Article 3. Article 4. Nature of copyright Absence of formality Dual nature of copyright Relationship between corporeal property and incorporeal property Title II. – Subject matter of copyright Chapter I. – Protected works Article 5. Irrelevance of form of expression, merit or purpose Article 6. List of protected works of the mind Article 7. Originality Article 8. Derivative works Chapter II. – Exclusions from copyright protection Article 9. Official texts Article 10. Ideas Article 11. Information Title III. – Copyright owners Chapter I. – Principles Article 12. Initial ownership by the natural person who created the work Article 13. Effect of marriage arrangements Article 14. Presumption arising from disclosure Article 15. Derivative works Article 16. Anonymous and pseudonymous works Chapter II. – Works created by an employee or an official Section I. – Works created by an employee Article 17. Initial ownership Article 18. Presumption of assignment Section II. Works created by an official Article 19. Initial ownership Article 20. Legal assignment for public service needs Chapter III. Works created in implementation of a commission contract Article 21. Initial ownership Article 22. Transfer of corporeal property Chapter IV. – Works of joint authorship Article 23. Definition of a work of joint authorship Article 24. Rights in a work of joint authorship