country or place of origin and will take all necessary steps to complete the registration. From the evidence adduced, the opponent undertakes to register its mark within 3 months and indeed has already filed applications for registration of the marks. The opponent therefore satisfies the requirements of section 44 (3) (b). On the other hand, the applicant has not adduced any evidence to prove that they or their predecessors in business in Uganda have previously used the mark and that they applied prior to the opponent’s registration in the country of origin. There is an overall requirement under section 44 (4) which provides that: “The protection given under this section in respect of a trademark in relation to goods and services originating from a country other than Uganda shall only be accorded if the country of origin of the goods and services accords to goods and services originating from Uganda the same treatment.”. The requirement of section 44 (4) is premised on the principle of national treatment that underpin most bilateral and multilateral trade agreements between and among states. Simply put, it is the idea that if a state provides certain rights and privileges to its citizens, it should also provide the same rights and privileges to foreigners as a matter of reciprocal arrangement between states. In brief, it is the principle of giving others the same treatment as one’s own nationals, usually based on treaty obligations. From the analysis, the opponent’s services originate from the Japan, which is a state party to the Paris Convention so is Uganda. . In addition Article 53-2 of the Japanese Trade Mark Act 第五十三条の二登録商標がパリ条約の同盟国、世界貿易機関の加盟国 若しくは商標法条約の締約国において商標に関する権利（商標権に相当する権利に限る 。）を有する者の当該権利に係る商標又はこれに類似する商標であつて当該権利に係る 商品若しくは役務又はこれらに類似する商品若しくは役務を指定商品又は指定役務とす るものであり、かつ、その商標登録出願が、正当な理由がないのに、その商標に関する 権利を有する者の承諾を得ないでその代理人若しくは代表者又は当該商標登録出願の日 前一年以内に代理人若しくは代表者であつた者によつてされたものであるときは、その 商標に関する権利を有する者は、当該商標登録を取り消すことについて審判を請求する ことができる. Article 53-2 Where a registered trademark is a trademark pertaining to a right to a trademark (limited to a right equivalent to a trademark right) held by a person in