SMC No. 1/2014 etc 12 enshrined in Article 20 is interpreted in the manner which has the effect of encroaching upon religious freedoms of minority religions in Pakistan. According to Tayyab Mahmud, Professor at Seattle University School of Law and Director of the Centre for Global Justice, “The express guarantees for freedom of belief and practice of religion, rule of law, due process, equal protection, and a progressive legislative agenda, proffered by the leadership of the Pakistan Movement, constitute an implied social covenant with religious minorities in Pakistan2. The protection of the freedom of religious belief and practice of all communities was indeed the predominant right asserted in several propositions and resolutions passed by the All India Muslim League (AIML). Despite the fact that members of the AIML were being strongly influenced by secular liberal thought, the idealogy underlying the Pakistan Movement was the creation of a separate nation state for the protection of the interests of the Muslim minority in India. However, these freedoms were not limited to the protection of the Muslim minority but all religious minorities. One of the famous Fourteen Points enumerated by Mohammad Ali Jinnah on proposed constitutional changes was that “full religious liberty, i.e. liberty of belief, worship and observance, propaganda, association and education shall be guaranteed to all communities.3” Furthermore, “adequate, effective and mandatory safeguards should be specifically provided in the Constitution for minorities in these units and in the regions for the protection 2 of their religious, cultural, economic, political, Feedom of Religion and Religious Minorities in Pakistan; A Study of Judicial Practice, Tayyab Mahmud, Fordham International Law Journal, 19:1 (1995), p.51 3 Point No. 7