2. INTRODUCTION AND INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS Asia is the most populated region in the world. It is rich in cultures, languages, races, religions and a diversity of people. However, it also faces numerous challenges relating to the fulfilment of human rights and development requirements. Due to an array of complex issues, ranging from corrupt governments to socio-economic disparities and disharmony among diverse cultures, religions and tribal customs across different countries; the region on the whole has remained imbalanced with regards to the elimination of rights violations and the guaranteeing of freedoms. Regrettably, at times, regional diversity has been used to create divisions, promote discrimination, perpetrate oppression, and impose severe restrictions on fundamental human rights. Violations of freedom of expression in the name of the sanctity and protection of religion are on the rise across the region, despite an increase in digital and electronic connectivity. The rights to freedom of expression and freedom of religion are internationally recognised and guaranteed rights that are crucial for any democratic society. These independent, yet interrelated rights have come under violent attack over the past decade, particularly where and when they intersect. Individuals’ freedom of religion and faith-based practices are targeted by denying the right to freely express opinions on religious matters. Members of religious communities have come under threat from growing faith-based intolerance. Many individuals have been deprived of their rights to life, liberty, security and privacy; not just because of their religious beliefs, but also for voicing their opinions on matters related to religion . Individuals have been subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention and torture and are denied basic guarantees to a fair trial. States across Asia have sought to protect religion by enacting legislations pre-empting criticism or adverse comments, which furthers intolerance, while little is done to protect people from violence and persecution. An unchecked increase in religious hate speech is leading to violence and discrimination. Domestic legislation dealing with hate speech runs the risk of being used arbitrarily or selectively due to loose interpretations, emanating from the ambiguous language used in their provisions. Similarly other rights, such as the freedoms of assembly and association, are compromised on the grounds of religion or religious sensitivities. Human rights defenders working on these rights are finding it increasingly difficult to carry out their legitimate work because of restrictions, threats, and violent attacks. 17