SPECIAL COLLECTION OF THE CASE LAW ON FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION This paper also shows that lower courts are not properly applying international freedom of expression standards in their cases, especially if they consider public figures. Hence, training should be provided to judges at all relevant courts to aid them in recognising SLAPPs and on applying relevant international and regional human rights standards. At the same time, international and regional human rights bodies can provide stronger guidance and standards in this area. As a starting point, human rights bodies should provide guidance on how states can fulfil their duty to prevent the abuse of judicial proceedings to interfere with the exercise of the right to freedom of expression and participation on public interest matters. This can come in various forms, e.g. through thematic reports, resolutions, and guidelines, made by special rapporteurs of international and regional human rights bodies (especially in the Inter-American and African human rights systems) or collections on best practices for the judiciary. 26