The Gig Economy: The gig economy is a labour market characterised by the prevalence of short-term contracts or freelance work as opposed to permanent jobs. In order to be successful in the gig economy, each individual needs to manage their time and finances as if they were a one-man company. The mobility of white-collar work, the emergence of freelancing platforms and the drive for operational efficiency have transformed the nature of work. The fastest job growth globally is in “nonemployee” firm’s i.e. self-employed, short term contract (measured in hours), remote and telecommuting workers. These participants in what is called the gigeconomy, where people eschew formal salaried employment for freelancing work are a growing and significant proportion of the workforce. Adaptive Security Architecture: The complexities of digital business and the algorithmic economy, combined with an emerging “hacker industry,” significantly increase the threat surface for our nation. We need to develop the capacity to detect and respond to threats, secure our communications and data, protect our people and infrastructure, and develop resilience in the face of disaster. Mass Personalisation and Personalised Manufacturing: The widespread availability of experience individuation by such services as Facebook and Google has created an expectation of personalised custom public service delivery. Cost effective small-run manufacturing technologies such as 3D printing have transformed marketplace dynamics making a marketplace of one economically feasible. This evolution in the calculus of economies of scale will have a significant impact on Kenyan industry. 5.5 Challenges Cultural and attitudinal resistance to the implementation of ICT-based services and offerings 4. Cybercrime and vulnerabilities 5. Inadequate policies, legal and institutional frameworks at the national and devolved county levels of government 6. A dearth of competent and skilled human capacity due to inadequately and inappropriately equipped universities and tertiary institutions 7. An underdeveloped innovation ecosystem that hinders the development and growth of Kenyan corporations and industry 8. Structural and legal inadequacies that hinder the development and evolution of online transactions, such as a National Addressing System (NAS) cyber-security 6 Policy Focus Areas The Kenya National ICT Policy outlines the policy of the Government of Kenya in relation to the design, development, acquisition, deployment, operation, support and evolution of public and private ICTS. It defines the current and forward looking position of the government on various areas of the evolving and emerging technology landscape in Kenya. 6.1 Mobile First 6.1.1 Background There are significant challenges to be overcome in achieving the goals of this policy in the short term. Some of these challenges, addressed in this policy, include: 1. Unequal investment and access to ICTs in un-served and under-served areas within Kenya 2. The under-utilisation of ICTs in the provision of government services and the underdevelopment of opportunities for economic growth and job creation Ministry of ICT, Kenya 3. The government recognises that to become and remain globally competitive in the emerging order, it is necessary to invest in and provide the conditions for always-on, high speed, wireless data connectivity for every citizen, everywhere in Kenya. In order to support this goal it is necessary that there be a robust, capable backbone to back haul traffic, and that the conditions in the marketplace are conducive to the provision of competitively priced, affordable last-mile connectivity for every citizen. This policy outlines the conditions required for the private sector led provision of services, and provides for the regulation and incentives for affordable high- 12/37 November-2019