- - Primary education or the first level (1st Phumaseksar) of education comprised of grade 1(one) to grade 6 (six) of the formal education program or the equivalent level of education; Secondary education or the second level (2nd Phumaseksar) of education comprised of grade 7 (seven) to grade 12 (twelve). The secondary education consists of 2 (two) phases: phase 1 (one) is the lower secondary education comprising grade 7 (seven) to grade 9 (nine), and phase 2 (two) is the upper secondary school comprising grade 10 (ten) to grade 12 (twelve). Secondary education shall teach learners having complete personality and characteristic by enhancing the knowledge, skill, vocational training, education of morality, which allow them to participate in the economic and social development and qualify to continue to study at higher education or technical and vocational training or to participate in the social live. Basic education is the first 9 (nine) years of education, comprising grade 1 (one) to grade 9 (nine) of the formal general education or the equivalent level of education. Article 18: Higher education Higher Education or the third level (3rd Phumasekar) of education is the education following the secondary education in higher educational establishments. Higher Education shall teach learners to have complete personality and characteristic and promote the scientific, technical, cultural and social researches in order to achieve capacity, knowledge, skill, morality, inventive and creative ideas and enterprise spirit to the development of the country. The framework and requirements of the levels of diplomas and certificates shall be determined by the Ministry in charge of Education. Higher educational establishments are of two types – university and institute. The criteria for the types of higher educational establishments and the admission requirements for higher education establishments shall be determined by the Ministry in charge of Education. Article 19: Technical and vocational education and training -7-