[2021] 2 MLRA Peguam Negara Malaysia v. MKINI Dotcom Sdn Bhd & Anor 443 Federal Constitution, arts 10(2)(a), 126, 145(3) Rules of Court 2012, O 52 rr 2B, 3(1) Other(s) referred to: Borrie & Lowe: The Law of Contempt, 3rd edn, London: Butterworths, 1996, p 85 C Tapper, Cross & Wilkins, Outline of the Law of Evidence, 6th edn, London: Butterworths, 1986), p 39 European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, arts 10(2), 14, 34 Harvey, DJ, Collisions, Digital Paradigm: Law and Rule - Making in the Internet Age, (USA: Bloomsbury, 2017), pp 82-83 Jurate Sidlauskiene & Vaidas Jurkevicius, Website Operators’ Liability for Offensive Comments: A Comparative Analysis of Delfi AS v. Estonia and MTE & Index v. Hungary [2017] 10 Baltic Journal of Law and Politics 46-75, p 48 M Hirst, Andrews & Hirst, Criminal Evidence, 3rd edn (London: Sweet & Maxwell, 1997) p 115 Pappalardo, Kylie and Nicolas Suzor, “The Liability of Australian Online Intermediaries” [2018] 40 Sydney Law Review 469-498, p 498 Sir Hari Singh Gour, The Penal Law of India , 11th edn, Vol 3, p 2381 Counsel: For the appellant: Suzana Atan (Narkunavathy Sundareson & Noor Atiqah Zainal Abidin with her); SFCs For the respondents: Malik Imtiaz Sarwar (Surendra Ananth & Khoo Suk Chyi with him); M/s Surendra Ananth Watching Brief for Bar Council: Joy Wilson Appukuttan; M/s KH Lim & Co Watching brief for International Federation of Journalist (IFJ) & National Journalist Union of Malaysia (NJUM): New Sin Yew; M/s Amerson Watching Brief for Centre for Independent Journalism & Gerakan Media Merdeka: Yusmadi Yusoff; M/s Fahda Nur Yusmadi JUDGMENT Rohana Yusuf PCA (Majority): Introduction [1] The Honourable Attorney General of Malaysia (‘AG’), brought this contempt proceeding against an online news portal, Mkini Dotcom Sdn Bhd (Company No 489718-U) (‘Malaysiakini’) as the 1st respondent and its Editorin-Chief, Gan Diong Keng (‘Steven Gan’) as the 2nd respondent. [2] To draw the chronological background to the Application before us, it all began when Malaysiakini published an article entitled “Musa Aman acquitted