The state also suggests that we construe the statute to refer only to substantial
invasions of privacy, which is in line with the parameters set forth in the caselaw above.
Consistent with that suggestion, the state recommends that we sever the negligence
standard from the statute, arguing, “There are no apparent reasons to doubt that the
Legislature would have enacted the statute without the negligence standard.”
Again, the constitutional defect in Minn. Stat. § 617.261 stems from its lack of an
intent-to-harm requirement and its use of a negligence mens rea. Correcting that defect
would require us to rewrite the statute. We would have to sever the negligence mens rea
standards from subdivision 1(2) and (3) of Minn. Stat. § 617.261. Doing so would limit
the statute’s reach to those who knew both that the person depicted in the image did not
consent to the dissemination and that the image was obtained or created under
circumstances indicating that the person depicted had a reasonable expectation of privacy.
Such circumstances could show intent to harm. See State v. Cooper, 561 N.W.2d 175, 179
(Minn. 1997) (stating that because intent is a state of mind, it is “generally proved
circumstantially—by drawing inferences from the defendant’s words and actions in light
of the totality of the circumstances,” and that when considering circumstantial evidence of
intent, “the jury may infer that a person intends the natural and probable consequences of
his actions”).
Although severing the negligence mens rea standards would limit the statute’s reach
to circumstances in which the disseminator intended harm—consistent with Minnesota
caselaw upholding First Amendment proscriptions based on the state’s legitimate harmpreventing interest—it would also result in a statute that classifies an intentionally harmful
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