(b) handing over to the copyright owner or author any infringing copy. ­ 54. � Presumptions In any action for an alleged infringement of copyright — (a) ­ it shall be presumed, unless the defendant puts it in issue, that — (i) ­ copyright or related right subsists in the work to which the action relates; (ii) ­ the plaintiff is the right holder if he claims so to be; (iii) ­ the person whose name is indicated on an audiovisual work in the usual manner as being the producer is the producer of the work; (b) ­ it shall be presumed, unless the contrary is proved, that the person named as author of a published work, if it were his true name or a name by which he was commonly known, is the author of the work; (c) ­ where it is proved or admitted that the author of a work is dead or a work was published anonymously or under a pseudonym, it shall be presumed, unless the contrary is proved, that — (i) ­ the work is an original work; (ii) ­ any allegation by the plaintiff that the publication was a first publication and occurred in a specified country on a specific date is true; (iii) ­ in the case of a work which was published anonymously or under a pseudonym, the publisher of the work is the copyright owner. 55. � Vain threats (1) Subject to subsection (2), where a person who claims to be a right holder or an exclusive licensee threatens any other person with legal proceedings in respect of an alleged