4 UNITED STATES V. MOHAMUD Kelly A. Zusman (argued), Appellate Chief; Ethan D. Knight, Pamala R. Holsinger, and Ryan W. Bounds, Assistant United States Attorneys; Billy J. Williams, Acting Assistant United States Attorney; United States Attorney’s Office, Portland, Oregon; Joseph F. Palmer, Attorney, Appellate Unit; John P. Carlin, Assistant Attorney General; National Security Division, United States Department of Justice, Washington, D.C.; for Plaintiff-Appellee. Patrick C. Toomey (argued) and Alex Abdo, New York, New York; Andrew Crocker and Mark Rumold, San Francisco, California; Mathew W. dos Santos, Portland, Oregon; as and for Amici Curiae American Civil Liberties Union, American Civil Liberties Union of Oregon, and Electronic Frontier Foundation. Joshua L. Dratel, Law Offices of Joshua L. Dratel P.C., New York, New York; John D. Cline, Law Office of John D. Cline, San Francisco, California; for Amicus Curiae National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers.