Douglas H. Meal, Esq. Ropes & Gray 800 Boylston Street Prudential Tower Boston, MA 02199 Attorneys for Defendant-Appellees Media Innovation Group LLC and WPP PLC _______________ OPINION OF THE COURT _______________ FUENTES, Circuit Judge: This class action arises from allegations that the defendants, who run internet advertising businesses, placed tracking cookies on the plaintiffs’ web browsers in contravention of their browsers’ cookie blockers and defendant Google’s own public statements. At issue in this appeal is the District Court’s dismissal of each of the nine claims brought by the plaintiffs. As follows, we will affirm in part, vacate in part, and remand to the District Court for additional proceedings. I. Background A. Tracking Internet Advertising and Cookie-Based 4