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G.R. No. 203335
3
White Light Corporation v. City of Manila, G.R. No. 122846, January 20, 2009, 576 SCRA 416, 437.
4
All 50 states of the United States have passed individual state laws criminalizing hacking or unauthorized
access, http://www.ncsl.org/issuesresearch/telecom/computerhackingandunauthorizedaccesslaws.aspx
(last accessed May 16, 2013). The United States Congress has also passed the Computer Fraud and Abuse
Act 18 U.S.C. § 1030 that penalizes, among others, hacking. The Budapest Convention on Cybercrime
considers hacking as an offense against the confidentiality, integrity and availability of computer data and
systems
and
29
countries
have
already
ratified
or
acceded,
http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/ChercheSig.asp?NT=185&CM=&DF=&CL=ENG (last accessed
May 16, 2013).
5
Ethical Hacking. Palmer, C. IBM Systems Journal, Vol. 40, No. 3, 2001, p. 770,
http://pdf.textfiles.com/security/palmer.pdf (last accessed April 10, 2013).
6
Id. at 774.
7
Southern Hemisphere Engagement Network, Inc. v. AntiTerrorism Council, G.R. Nos. 178552, 178554,
178581, 178890, 179157 & 179461, October 5, 2010, 632 SCRA 146, 185.
8
The intentional destruction of property is popularly referred to as vandalism. It includes behavior such as
breaking windows, slashing tires, spray painting a wall with graffiti, and destroying a computer system through
the use of a computer virus, http://legaldictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Vandalism (last accessed August 12,
2013).
9
Southern Hemisphere Engagement Network, Inc. v. AntiTerrorism Council, supra note 7, at 186; Estrada v.
Sandiganbayan, 421 Phil. 290, 354 (2001).
10
Id.
11
Id., citing the Opinion of Justice Vicente V. Mendoza in Estrada v. Sandiganbayan.
12
1987 CONSTITUTION, Article III, Section 1.
13
Pollo v. ConstantinoDavid, G.R. No. 181881, October 18, 2011, 659 SCRA 189, 204205.
14
130 Phil. 415 (1968)
15
535 Phil. 687, 714715 (2006).
16
Supra note 12, Article II, Section 2.
17
Supra note 12, Article III, Section 3.
18
In the Matter of the Petition for Issuance of Writ of Habeas Corpus of Sabio v. Senator Gordon, supra note
15.
19
Section 3(g) of Republic Act 10173 or the Data Privacy Act of 2012 defines personal information as "any
information whether recorded in a material form or not, from which the identity of an individual is apparent or
can be reasonably and directly ascertained by the entity holding the information, or when put together with
other information would directly and certainly identify an individual."
20
People v. Uy, G.R. No. 174660, May 30, 2011, 649 SCRA 236.
21
Supra note 17 (G.R. No. 203359 [Guingona]; G.R. No. 203518 [PIFA]).
22
MerriamWebster, http://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/favor (last accessed May 30, 2013).
23
Bicameral Conference Committee, pp. 56.
24
Id.
25
Office of the Solicitor General, COMMENT, p. 71.
26
REPUBLIC ACT 9208, Section 4(e).
27
Id., Section 3(c).
28
G.R. No. 191080, November 21, 2011, 660 SCRA 475.
29
REVISED PENAL CODE, Article 201 (2)(b)(2), as amended by Presidential Decree 969.
30
Pita v. Court of Appeals, 258A Phil. 134 (1989).
31
REPUBLIC ACT 9775 entitled AN ACT DEFINING THE CRIME OF CHILD PORNOGRAPHY,
PRESCRIBING PENALTIES THEREFOR AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.
32
Sto. Tomas v. Salac, G.R. No. 152642, November 13, 2012, 685 SCRA 245, citing People v. Ventura, 114
Phil. 162, 167 (1962).
33
Supra note 31, Section 4(b).
34
G.R. No. 203407 (Bagong Alyansang Makabayan), MEMORANDUM, pp. 3437.
35
White Buffalo Ventures, LLC v. Univ. of Tex. at Austin, 2004 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 19152 (W.D. Tex. Mar. 22,
2004).
36
Concurring Opinion of Chief Justice Reynato S. Puno in Pharmaceutical and Health Care Association of the
Philippines v. Duque III, 561 Phil. 387, 449 (2007).
37
Supra note 29, Article 362.
38
Borjal v. Court of Appeals, 361 Phil. 1 (1999); Vasquez v. Court of Appeals, 373 Phil. 238 (1999).
39
573 Phil. 278 (2008).
40
Vasquez v. Court of Appeals, supra note 38.
41
L. BOADO, COMPACT REVIEWER IN CRIMINAL LAW 403404 (2d ed. 2007).
42
Vasquez v. Court of Appeals, supra note 38, citing New York Times v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254, 11 L.Ed.2d
686 (1964).
43
Annette F. v. Sharon S., 119 Cal. App. 4th 1146, 1151 (Cal. App. 4th Dist. 2004).
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