12 of 1996, which amended the Communications Act. The Telecommunications Act subjects a “telecommunications service,” the successor to basic service, to common carrier regulation under Title II. 47 U.S.C. § 153(51) (“A telecommunications carrier shall be treated as a common carrier under [the Communications Act] only to the extent that it is engaged in providing telecommunications services.”). By contrast, an “information service,” the successor to an enhanced service, is not subject to Title II. The Telecommunications Act defines a “telecommunications service” as “the offering of telecommunications for a fee directly to the public, or to such classes of users as to be effectively available directly to the public, regardless of the facilities used.” Id. § 153(53). It defines telecommunications as “the transmission, between or among points specified by the user, of information of the user’s choosing without change in the form or content of the information as sent and received.” Id. § 153(50). An information service is an “offering of a capability for generating, acquiring, storing, transforming, processing, retrieving, utilizing, or making available information via telecommunications.” Id. § 153(24). The appropriate regulatory treatment therefore turns on what services a provider offers to the public: if it offers telecommunications, that service is subject to Title II regulation. Tracking the Commission’s approach to adjunct-to-basic services, Congress also effectively created a third category for information services that facilitate use of a telecommunications service. The “telecommunications management exception” exempts from information service treatment—and thus treats as a telecommunications service— “any use [of an information service] for the management, control, or operation of a telecommunications system or the management of a telecommunications service.” Id.