DERECHOS DIGITALES CYBERSECURITY IN LATIN AMERICA: NATIONAL STRATEGIES IN 2024 11 challenges, progress has been made in promoting a culture of cybersecurity and in training specialized personnel. The validity of the strategy is subject to periodic reviews to adapt to the constantly evolving digital environment and new cyber threats. 2.9. Nicaragua: National Cybersecurity Strategy 2020-2025 Nicaragua approved its National Cybersecurity Strategy 2020-2025 through Presidential Decree No. 24-2020, published on September 29, 202010. This strategy was developed by the Nicaraguan Institute of Telecommunications and Post (TELCOR, Instituto Nicaraguense de Telecomunicaciones y Correos) and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, with the goal of guaranteeing a sovereign, secure, and reliable use of cyberspace in the country. The strategy is based on four guiding principles: guaranteeing sovereignty and protecting citizens’ rights in cyberspace, risk management and resilience, protection and defense of cyberspace, and international cooperation. It is also structured into five strategic goals: strengthening cybersecurity governance, protecting critical information infrastructures, developing national cybersecurity capabilities, promoting a culture of cybersecurity in society, and fostering international cooperation in cybersecurity. The implementation of the strategy is planned for the period 2020-2025, with periodic evaluations to adapt to the country’s needs and emerging threats in the digital sphere. However, its implementation has raised concerns among human rights organizations and sectors of civil society, who fear that it could be used to restrict freedom of expression and increase government control over cyberspace, as has been the case with the country’s controversial Cybercrime Law. 2.10. Panama: National Cybersecurity Strategy 2021-2024 Panama published its National Cybersecurity Strategy 2021-2024 on December 15, 2021, through Resolution No. 17 of the National Authority for Government Innovation (AIG, anacronym for Autoridad Nacional para la Innovación Gubernamental)11. This strategy updates the 2013 National Cybersecurity Strategy, reflecting the evolution of information and communication technologies, and the need to strengthen security in Panamanian cyberspace. The strategy is structured around four key pillars: protecting the privacy and fundamental rights of citizens in cyberspace, deterring and punishing criminal behavior in cyberspace, strengthening the security and resilience of the nation’s critical infrastructure, and fostering a national culture of cybersecurity. For its implementation, the AIG has coordinated workshops and awareness campaigns, such as “Panama Cibersegura”, aimed at promoting a culture of cybersecurity in society. In addition, the role of CSIRT Panama has been strengthened as the national information security incident response team, responsible for preventing, identifying, and resolving cyber-attacks affecting the country’s critical infrastructure. The strategy is in effect until 2024, with periodic evaluations to adapt to new threats and technological advances. (10) Available at: https://legislacion.asamblea.gob.ni/indice.nsf/c3639d8c1d72577006256fe800533609/ e9e4a6071fa07177062585b9005fd3db (11) Available at: http://www.gacetaoficial.gob.pa/pdfTemp/29434_A/88864.pdf